«Деловое общение на иностранном языке.»

3) Деловое общение на иностранном языке. Английский язык. Контрольная работа № 1 Вариант №3

1. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на следующие вопросы: 1.What is the definition of a tax? 2.How can taxes be paid? 3.How were taxes paid in medieval Europe? Tax A tax is a compulsory charge or other levy imposed on an individual or a legal entity by a state or a functional equivalent of a state (e.g., tribes, secessionist movements or revolutionary movements). Taxes could also be imposed by a subnational entity. Taxes may be paid in cash or in kind or as corvee labor. In modern capitalist taxation systems, taxes are designed to encourage the most efficient circulation of goods and services and are levied in cash. In kind and corvee taxation are characteristic of traditional or pre-capitalist states and their functional equivalents. The means of taxation, and the uses to which the funds raised through taxation should be put, are a matter of hot dispute in politics and economics, so discussions of taxation are frequently tendentious. Public finance is the field of political science and economics that deals with taxation. HISTORY OF TAXATION Political authority has been used to raise capital throughout history. In many pre-monetary societies, such as the In can empire, taxes were owed in labor. Taxation in labor was the basis of the Feudal system in medieval Europe. In more sophisticated economies such as the Roman Empire, tax farming developed, as the central powers could not practically enforce their tax policy across a wide realm. The tax farmers were obligated to raise large sums for the government, but were allowed to keep whatever else they raised. Many Christians have understood the New Testament to support the payment of taxes, through Jesuss words "Render unto Caesar the things that are Caesars". There were certain times in the Middle Ages where the governments did not explicitly tax, since they were self-supporting, owning their own land and creating their own products. The appearance of doing without taxes was however illusory, since the governments (usually the Crowns) independent income sources depended on labor enforced under the feudal system, which is a tax exacted in kind. Many taxes were originally introduced to fund wars and are still in place today, such as those raised by the American government during the American Civil War (1861-1865). Income tax was first introduced into Britain in 1798 to pay for weapons and equipment in preparation for the Napoleonic wars and into Canada in 1917 as a "temporary" tax under the Income War Tax Act to cover government expenses resulting from World War I. The current income tax in America was set up by Theodore Roosevelt in 1913. It was called The Federal Income Tax and was deducted from incomes at rates varying from 1-7%. But, since then, the American Tax Code has been modified and new taxes have been added, especially over the World War I and II periods. Since World War II, the American Tax Code has increased in size four-fold.
2. Переведите в письменной форме 1,2,3,4 абзацы.

3. Переведите предложения. Определите форму сослагательного наклонения, и тип предложения, в котором оно употреблено. 1.Regrettable as that may be in view of the antiquity of our texts, the material is certainly too ambiguous. 2.They demand that their trusts and monopolies be given free access to these countries. 3.Pound (a poet) is a master of rhythmic invention in verse; there is probably no one who would want to deny this. 4.But being a Frenchman he had pushed his researches further than any Englishman at this period would have dared to. 5.The bailiff had to keep his eye on the unwilling workmen lest they should sit down for half-an-hour at a time at the end of every furrow.

4. Раскройте скобки, поставьте глаголы в нужной форме. Определите тип условного предложения на основании форм глагола в главном и придаточном предложениях. Переведите.